Chikungunya seroprevalence in population-based studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Seroprevalence studies about chikungunya infection are usually conducted after epidemics to estimate the magnitude of the attack. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of CHIKV by WHO region, considering the periods of introduction of the virus in these regions and its potential to lead to epidemics. METHODS: We systematically reviewed Medline/Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science for original articles published up to 2020. Cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies were eligible for inclusion, based on the results of laboratory diagnosis of previous or previous and recent infection. Those conducted with symptomatic individuals were excluded. RESULTS: 596 articles were identified, 197 full-text were reviewed and 64 were included, resulting in 71 seroprevalences. Most were cross-sectional studies (92%), between 2001 and 2020 (92%), with population of all ages (55%), conducted in Kenya (10.9%), Brazil (9.4%) and French Polynesia (7.8%). The pooled estimates were 24% (95%CI 19-29; I2 = 99.7%; p < 0.00), being 21% (95%CI 13-30; I2 = 99.5%; p < 0.00) for adults, 7% (95%CI 0-23; I2 = 99.7%; p < 0.00) for children and 30% (95%CI 23-38; I2 = 99.7%; p < 0.00) for all ages. The higher seroprevalences were found in African, the Americas and South-East Asian Regions. CONCLUSIONS: The great heterogeneity of seroprevalences points to the persistence of viral circulation. Even where the seroprevalence is high, the population replacement and the absence of vaccines mean that the risk of virus spread and epidemics remains. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020166227.

Cuidado de enfermagem na atenção primária à saúde às crianças com microcefalia relacionada ao Zika vírus / Nursing care in primary health care for children with microcephaly related to Zika virus / Cuidados de enfermería en atención primaria a niños con microcefalia relacionada con el virus Zika

Introdução: A microcefalia é uma condição neurológica que se caracteriza por anormalidades no crescimento craniano e pode ser causada por vários fatores como a desnutrição, o uso de drogas, as infecções e mais recentemente pela contaminação pelo Zika Vírus. Apenas em 2015, o Ministério da Saúde (MS) estabeleceu pela primeira vez a possibilidade de relação entre as crianças portadoras de microcefalia e a infecção congênita pelo vírus Zika, sendo confirmada pelo Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), laboratório de referência nacional e internacional em ciências biológicas, meio ambiente e medicina tropical das arboviroses. Objetivo: analisar as ações realizadas pelas enfermeiras na assistência às crianças com microcefalia relacionada ao Zika Vírus na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com enfermeiras que assistiram crianças com microcefalia por Zika Vírus em cinco municípios do NRS SUL/Itabuna. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista semiestruturada, entre agosto e setembro de 2020. A análise do perfil biopsicossocial das enfermeiras foi realizada por estatística descritiva e as entrevistas foram processadas pela análise de conteúdo temática proposta por Bardin. Principais Resultados: Revelou-se que, as ações de acompanhamento realizadas pelas enfermeiras se restringiram à imunização e ao Programa de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento, demonstrando a importância de um olhar ampliado para as complicações/sequelas da Zika nas crianças assistidas. Conclusão: Identificou-se que, a assistência de enfermagem é restritiva, sendo necessária ações de educação permanente para estas profissionais qualificarem o cuidado às crianças com microcefalia por Zika Vírus.

Introduction: Microcephaly is a neurological condition that is characterized by abnormalities in head growth and can be caused by several factors such as malnutrition, drug use, infections and, more recently, contamination by the Zika Virus. Only in 2015, the Ministry of Health (MS) established for the first time the possibility of a relationship between children with microcephaly and congenital Zika virus infection, which was confirmed by the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), a national and international reference laboratory in biological sciences, environment and tropical medicine of arboviruses. Objective: to analyze the actions performed by nurses in the care of children with microcephaly related to the Zika Virus in Primary Health Care. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, with a qualitative approach, carried out with nurses who assisted children with microcephaly due to Zika Virus in five municipalities of NRS SUL/Itabuna. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, between August and September 2020. The analysis of the nurses' biopsychosocial profile was performed using descriptive statistics and the interviews were processed using the thematic content analysis proposed by Bardin. Main Results: It was revealed that the follow-up actions carried out by the nurses were restricted to immunization and the Growth and Development Program, demonstrating the importance of an expanded look at the complications/sequelae of Zika in the assisted children. Conclusion: It was identified that nursing care is restrictive, requiring continuing education actions for these professionals to qualify the care of children with microcephaly due to the Zika Virus.

Introducción: La microcefalia es una condición neurológica que se caracteriza por anomalías en el crecimiento de la cabeza y puede ser causada por varios factores como la desnutrición, el consumo de drogas, infecciones y, más recientemente, la contaminación por el Virus Zika. Sólo en 2015, el Ministerio de Salud (MS) estableció por primera vez la posibilidad de relación entre niños con microcefalia e infección congénita por el virus Zika, lo que fue confirmado por el Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), laboratorio de referencia nacional e internacional en ciencias biológicas, medio ambiente y medicina tropical de arbovirus. Objetivo: analizar las acciones realizadas por enfermeros en la atención de niños con microcefalia relacionada al virus Zika en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con enfermeros que atendieron niños con microcefalia por Virus Zika en cinco municipios de NRS SUL/Itabuna. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, entre agosto y septiembre de 2020. El análisis del perfil biopsicosocial de las enfermeras se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y las entrevistas se procesaron mediante el análisis de contenido temático propuesto por Bardin. Principales resultados: Se reveló que las acciones de seguimiento realizadas por las enfermeras se restringían a la inmunización y al Programa de Crecimiento y Desarrollo, demostrando la importancia de una mirada ampliada a las complicaciones/secuelas del Zika en los niños asistidos. Conclusiones: Se identificó que los cuidados de enfermería son restrictivos, requiriendo acciones de educación continuada para que estos profesionales cualifiquen el cuidado de los niños con microcefalia debido al Virus Zika.

The triple epidemics of arboviruses in Feira de Santana, Brazilian Northeast: Epidemiological characteristics and diffusion patterns.

Arboviruses are diseases of worldwide importance in the field of communicable diseases. In Brazil, the reemergence of dengue and the emergence of chikungunya and Zika since 2014 have led to epidemic waves of great magnitude and rapid spread. However, their diffusion patterns vary and change over time. This study analyzes the spatial diffusion of the simultaneous circulation of three arboviruses transmitted by the same vector in a large urban space over two epidemic waves in consecutive years. An ecological study of spatial and temporal aggregates on the occurrence of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, from 2014 to 2019, in Feira de Santana, Bahia State, was carried out using data of cases reported to the national surveillance system. Four different methods were used to analyze the spatial diffusion: Kernel Estimation with sequential maps, cumulative nearest-neighbor ratios (NNI) over time, spatial correlograms and local autocorrelation changes (LISA) over time. From 2014-2019, there were 21,723 confirmed cases of arboviruses. The highest incidences were among women (496.9, 220.2, and 91.0 cases/100,000 women for dengue, chikungunya and Zika respectively). By age group, the highest incidences were from ages 10-19 years old (609.3 dengue cases/100,000), from 60 and more (306.7 chikungunya cases/100,000), and from 0-9 years old (124.1 Zika cases/100,000 inhabitants). The temporal distribution demonstrated two epidemic waves of simultaneous circulation in 2014 and 2015. Kernel maps indicate that arboviruses spread to neighboring areas near the first hotspots, suggesting an expansion diffusion pattern. The NNI, spatial correlograms and LISA changes results suggest expansion patterns for the three arboviruses in all periods. The spatial diffusion pattern of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya in the 2014-2015 epidemics in Feira de Santana was expansion. These findings are useful to guide prevention measures and reduce occurrence in other areas.

Seroprevalence of Chikungunya virus and living conditions in Feira de Santana, Bahia-Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Chikungunya is an arbovirus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which emerged in the Americas in 2013 and spread rapidly to almost every country on this continent. In Brazil, where the first cases were detected in 2014, it currently has reached all regions of this country and more than 900,000 cases were reported. The clinical spectrum of chikungunya ranges from an acute self-limiting form to disabling chronic forms. The purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of chikungunya infection in a large Brazilian city and investigate the association between viral circulation and living condition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a population-based ecological study in selected Sentinel Areas (SA) through household interviews and a serologic survey in 2016/2017. The sample was of 1,981 individuals randomly selected. The CHIKV seroprevalence was 22.1% (17.1 IgG, 2.3 IgM, and 1.4 IgG and IgM) and varied between SA from 2.0% to 70.5%. The seroprevalence was significantly lower in SA with high living conditions compared to SA with low living condition. There was a positive association between CHIKV seroprevalence and population density (r = 0.2389; p = 0.02033). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The seroprevalence in this city was 2.6 times lower than the 57% observed in a study conducted in the epicentre of the CHIKV epidemic of this same urban centre. So, the herd immunity in this general population, after four years of circulation of this agent is relatively low. It indicates that CHIKV transmission may persist in that city, either in endemic form or in the form of a new epidemic, because the vector infestation is persistent. Besides, the significantly lower seroprevalences in SA of higher Living Condition suggest that beyond the surveillance of the disease, vector control and specific actions of basic sanitation, the reduction of the incidence of this infection also depends on the improvement of the general living conditions of the population.

Coletivo Nós nas Ruas e Programa Corra pro Abraço: ações para o enfrentamento da Covid-19 em Salvador, BA, Brasil / Colectivo Nosotros en las Calles y Programa Corre para el Abrazo: acciones para el enfrentamiento de la Covid-19 en Salvador, BA, Brasil / Nós Nas Ruas Collective and Corra Pro Abraço Program: actions to confront Covid-19, Salvador, BA, Brazil

Relato de experiência que descreve parte das ações para o enfrentamento da Covid-19 da população em situação de rua de Salvador, Bahia. Essa iniciativa ocorreu pela articulação de um coletivo vinculado às universidades com um programa do governo do estado que atua com pessoas em situação de rua. Nas atividades desenvolvidas, destacaram-se a articulação entre as duas equipes para contribuir no processo adaptativo do trabalho nesse novo contexto, o diálogo com a população em situação de rua e o fortalecimento da rede de sensibilização social. As vivências ao longo do processo de trabalho demarcaram questões basilares na estruturação social como pobreza, desamparo, racismo, desassistência e desigualdades. A pandemia expôs a complexidade da desigualdade social e a urgência de uma sociedade engajada na reparação das fragilidades já existentes.

Relato de experiencia que describe parte de las acciones para el enfrentamiento de la Covid-19 con la población que vive en la calle en Salvador, Bahia. Esta iniciativa tuvo lugar gracias a la articulación de un colectivo vinculado a las universidades, con un programa del gobierno del estado que actúa con las personas que viven en la calle. En las actividades desarrolladas se destacaron la articulación entre los dos equipos para contribuir en el proceso adaptativo del trabajo en ese nuevo contexto, el diálogo con la población que vive en la calle y el fortalecimiento de la red de sensibilización social. Las vivencias durante el proceso de trabajo delimitaron cuestiones basilares en la estructuración social, tales como pobreza, desamparo, racismo, desasistencia y desigualdades. La pandemia expuso la complejidad de la desigualdad social y la urgencia de una sociedad comprometida con la reparación de las fragilidades ya existentes.

Experience report describing a part of the activities done with the homeless population of Salvador, Bahia in order to confront Covid-19. This initiative occurred through the articulation of a collective (group) linked to universities with a program of the state government that works with homeless persons. The main activities developed were: the articulation between the two teams to contribute to the adaptive process of working in this new context, the dialogue with the street population and the strengthening of the social awareness network. The experiences throughout the work process highlighted basic issues in social structuring such as poverty, helplessness, racism, desistance and inequalities. The pandemic exposed the complexity of social inequality and the urgency of a society engaged in repairing existing weaknesses.

Dificuldades, caminhos e potencialidades da descentralização do atendimento à tuberculose / Difficulties, ways and potential of tuberculosis care decentralization

Objetivo: compreender as dificuldades e os caminhos para a descentralização do atendimento à tuberculose por meio da opinião dos enfermeiros atuantes em um Centro de Referência. Método: trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa e transversal. Os dados foram coletados mediante um questionário semiestruturado, com aplicação da técnica Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: as principais dificuldades apontadas foram a desestruturação da rede, falta de compromisso da gestão, desorganização do serviço e qualificação profissional insuficiente. Os caminhos sugeridos para atingir a descentralização foram a melhoria na estrutura das unidades, organização do serviço, educação permanente, motivação da equipe e mobilização da gestão. Entre os benefícios, foram citados os objetivos do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose. Considerações finais: é preciso cautela quando a Rede de Atenção à Saúde não está estruturada para descentralizar os serviços, especialmente porque é necessário garantir o suporte no tratamento das pessoas atendidas no município.

Objective: to understand the difficulties and ways to decentralize tuberculosis care through the opinion of nurses working in a Reference Center. Method: It is a qualitative and transversal research. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and Content Analysis technique was applied to the responses. Results: The main difficulties pointed out were the disruption of the care network, lack of commitment by managers, disorganization of services and insufficient professional qualification. The ways suggested to achieve decentralization were to improve the structure of the units, service organization, permanent education, team motivation and managerial mobilization. Among the benefits, they highlighted the achievement of the objectives of the Tuberculosis Control Program. Final considerations: Caution is needed when the Health Care Network is not structured to decentralize services, especially as it is necessary to guarantee support or the treatment of people attended in the municipality.

Contribuições da análise espacial para a compreensão da dinâmica de transmissão da dengue: revisão integrativa / Contributions of spatial analysis to the comprehension of dynamics of dengue transmission: integrative review

Introdução: a análise espacial tem sido utilizada pela vigilância epidemiológica como estratégia para identificação de espaços urbanos sob maior risco de doenças. Nesse contexto, as ferramentas da informática em saúde podem auxiliar para a compreensão dos fenômenos envolvidos na difusão da dengue nos espaços de aglomeração populacional, elucidando questões relativas aos movimentos espaciais de sua ocorrência e subsidiando o delineamento de programas de combate a seu principal vetor. Objetivo: sintetizar e discutir as informações mais relevantes produzidas pelos estudos de análise espacial de dengue, as quais vêm contribuindo para ampliar o entendimento de sua dinâmica de transmissão, no propósito da aplicação na prática da vigilância epidemiológica. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão integrativa de literatura, realizada com publicações de 1945 a 2017, na Web of Science sobre dengue, com uso dos descritores e operadores "Spatial Analysis" AND "Dengue" AND "Urban Area". Resultados: foram selecionados 35 artigos. O perfil das produções permitiu a identificação de sete assuntos mais abordados: mobilidade urbana, densidade populacional, fatores sociodemográficos, disponibilidade de água, temperatura, vegetação e urbanização. Considerações finais: a análise espacial, por meio dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, é uma ferramenta muito útil para o estudo das dinâmicas de transmissão da dengue, pois possibilita o conhecimento de áreas, períodos e fatores sociais e ambientais de maior risco, a fim de produzir alertas para os serviços de saúde

Introduction: The spatial analysis has been used by epidemiological surveillance as a strategy to identify urban spaces at greater risk of diseases. In this context, the tools of computer sciences apllied to health can help to understand the phenomena involved in the diffusion of dengue in areas of high population density. It clarifies the issues related to the spatial movements of dengue occurrence and subsidize the design of programs to combat its main vector. Objective: this study aimed to synthesize and discuss the most relevant information produced by the studies about spatial analysis of dengue, which have contributed to enlarge the understanding of its transmission dynamics, in the purpose of the practical application of epidemiological surveillance. Method: this is an integrative literature review carried out with publications from 1945 to 2017 in the Web of Science. The descriptors and boolean operators used were "Spatial Analysis" AND "Dengue" AND "Urban Area". Results: 35 papers were selected. The analysis of the productions allowed the identification of seven subjects: urban mobility, population density, sociodemographic factors, availability of water, temperature, vegetation and urbanization. Final considerations: the spatial analysis, through the Geographic Information Systems, is a very useful tool to the study of dengue transmission dynamics, because it allows the knowledge of areas, periods and social and environmental factors of greater risk, in order to produce alerts for health services.

Socioeconomic risk markers of leprosy in high-burden countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Over 200,000 new cases of leprosy are detected each year, of which approximately 7% are associated with grade-2 disabilities (G2Ds). For achieving leprosy elimination, one of the main challenges will be targeting higher risk groups within endemic communities. Nevertheless, the socioeconomic risk markers of leprosy remain poorly understood. To address this gap we systematically reviewed MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, LILACS and Web of Science for original articles investigating the social determinants of leprosy in countries with > 1000 cases/year in at least five years between 2006 and 2016. Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and ecological studies were eligible for inclusion; qualitative studies, case reports, and reviews were excluded. Out of 1,534 non-duplicate records, 96 full-text articles were reviewed, and 39 met inclusion criteria. 17 were included in random-effects meta-analyses for sex, occupation, food shortage, household contact, crowding, and lack of clean (i.e., treated) water. The majority of studies were conducted in Brazil, India, or Bangladesh while none were undertaken in low-income countries. Descriptive synthesis indicated that increased age, poor sanitary and socioeconomic conditions, lower level of education, and food-insecurity are risk markers for leprosy. Additionally, in pooled estimates, leprosy was associated with being male (RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.06-1.67), performing manual labor (RR = 2.15, 95% CI = 0.97-4.74), suffering from food shortage in the past (RR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.05-1.85), being a household contact of a leprosy patient (RR = 3.40, 95% CI = 2.24-5.18), and living in a crowded household (≥5 per household) (RR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.14-1.67). Lack of clean water did not appear to be a risk marker of leprosy (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.65-1.35). Additionally, ecological studies provided evidence that lower inequality, better human development, increased healthcare coverage, and cash transfer programs are linked with lower leprosy risks. These findings point to a consistent relationship between leprosy and unfavorable economic circumstances and, thereby, underscore the pressing need of leprosy control policies to target socially vulnerable groups in high-burden countries.

Perfil dos pacientes renais crônicos em tratamento hemodialítico / Profile of chronic renal patients on renal dialysis treatment / Perfil de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis

A insuficiência renal crônica é um problema de saúde pública devido ao aumento da incidência e mortalidade. Objetivou-se conhecer o perfil dos pacientes renais crônicos residentes em Itabuna em tratamento hemodialítico no ano de 2012. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, que utilizou um ins-trumento de coleta para abordar aspectos socioeconômicos, tempo de tratamento, financiamento do tratamento e causa base da insuficiência. Foram incluídos 63 casos. Destes, 63,5% eram do sexo masculino, 52,3% brancos, com média de idade 49,8 anos, com ensino fundamental incompleto (34,9%) e 31,7% aposentados. A causa de base mais incidente foi hipertensão arterial (29,6%); 23,9% estavam em tratamento há dois anos, sendo 82,5% realizado pelo SUS. Concluiu-se, com base no perfil dos pacientes renais crônicos residentes em Itabuna, que a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e o Diabetes Mellitus destacaram-se entre as causas base da doença renal crônica. Diante disso, é neces-sária maior atenção para a prevenção desses agravos, para evitar a evolução dos casos para a gravi-dade.

The Chronic Renal Failure is a problem of public health, due to increased rates of incidence and mortality in Brazil. It is proposed to know the profile of patients with chronic renal failure residents in Itabuna under hemodialysis treatment during 2012. This is a quantitative study of exploratory approach, descriptive and transversal, which used a data collection instrument addressing socioeco-nomic aspects, the duration of treatment and underlying cause of the failure. The study included 63 patients. Of these, 63.5% were male, 52.3% were white and had a mean age of 49.8 years. The ele-mentary school was the level of education prevalent in patients (34.9%). Regarding occupation, 31.7% were retired. The underlying cause more prevalent was hypertension in 29.6% of cases. Of the cases studied, 23.9% were on hemodialysis for two years, and 82.5% of the treatment was financed by SUS. It was concluded, based on the profile of chronical renal patients that Hypertension and Dia-betes stand out among the causes of chronical kidney disease. Under these circumstances, it is ne-cessary more attention to prevention of these diseases on the population, avoiding the evolution.

La insuficiencia renal crónica es un problema de salud pública debido a su incidencia y mortalidad. El objetivo fue conocer el perfil de los pacientes residentes en Itabuna con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis en 2012. Este fue un estudio cuantitativo de enfoque exploratorio, descriptivo y transversal, que utilizó un instrumento de recolección que contiene aspectos socioeconómicos, tiem-po de tratamiento, la financiación el tratamiento y la causa subyacente de la falla. Se incluyeron 63 casos. De estos, 63,5% eran hombres, 52,3% eran blancos, edad media 49,8 años, con educación primaria incompleta (34,9%) y 31,7% se retiró. La causa base de la mayoría fue la hipertensión arte-rial (29,6%); 23,9% estaban en tratamiento por dos años, y 82,5% de los tratamientos fueron realiza-das por SUS. Se concluyó, basándose en el perfil de renal pacientes que Hipertensión y Diabetes se destacan entre las causas de la enfermedad renal crónica. Bajo estas circunstancias, es necesario una mayor atención a la prevención de estas enfermedades en la población, evitando la evolución de los casos a la gravedad.

[Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in areas of the Federal District, Brazil]. / Prevalência de sintomáticos respiratórios em regiões do Distrito Federal, Brasil.

The identification of individuals with respiratory symptoms (RS) is important for the early detection of tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of RS in three administrative regions of the Federal District, Brazil. For this, we used the 30 by 7 cluster sampling technique proposed by the World Health Organization. Individuals with RS were defined as those aged 15 years or older living in the administrative regions of Estrutural, Itapoã, or Varjão and reporting a cough lasting at least 3 weeks at the date of the interview. The prevalence of RS was 5.7% in Estrutural and Varjão (95% CI: 2.4-9.0) and 4.8% in Itapoã (95%CI: 1.6-7.9), with a design effect close to 1.0. In Estrutural and Itapoã, fewer years of schooling, and in Itapoã and Varjão, lower income, were associated with RS. Cigarette smoking was associated with the presence of RS in all regions. The prevalence of RS in the three administrative regions investigated is consistent with that of other areas with a similar socioeconomic profile.

Prevalência de sintomáticos respiratórios em regiões do Distrito Federal, Brasil / Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in areas of the Federal District, Brazil

A captação de sintomáticos respiratórios (SR) é importante para a detecção precoce de tuberculose. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de SR em três regiões administrativas (RA) do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Para tanto, foi utilizada a técnica de amostragem por conglomerados (30 por 7) proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foram definidos como SR os indivíduos com 15 anos ou mais residentes nas RAs Estrutural, Itapoã ou Varjão e que apresentassem tosse há pelo menos 3 semanas na data da entrevista. A prevalência de SR em Estrutural e Varjão foi de 5,7 por cento (IC95 por cento: 2,4 a 9,0), e em Itapoã, de 4,8 por cento (IC95 por cento: 1,6 a 7,9), com efeito de desenho próximo de 1,0. Em Estrutural e Itapoã, menos anos de estudo, e em Itapoã e Varjão, menor renda, estiveram associados com ser SR. O tabagismo esteve associado com a presença de sintomas respiratórios em todas as RAs. A prevalência de SR está de acordo com aquela encontrada em outras áreas com perfil socioeconômico semelhante ao das áreas estudadas.

The identification of individuals with respiratory symptoms (RS) is important for the early detection of tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of RS in three administrative regions of the Federal District, Brazil. For this, we used the 30 by 7 cluster sampling technique proposed by the World Health Organization. Individuals with RS were defined as those aged 15 years or older living in the administrative regions of Estrutural, Itapoã, or Varjão and reporting a cough lasting at least 3 weeks at the date of the interview. The prevalence of RS was 5.7 percent in Estrutural and Varjão (95 percent CI: 2.4-9.0) and 4.8 percent in Itapoã (95 percentCI: 1.6-7.9), with a design effect close to 1.0. In Estrutural and Itapoã, fewer years of schooling, and in Itapoã and Varjão, lower income, were associated with RS. Cigarette smoking was associated with the presence of RS in all regions. The prevalence of RS in the three administrative regions investigated is consistent with that of other areas with a similar socioeconomic profile.

[Epidemiological profile of the clientele in HIV Testing and Counseling Centers in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2005]. / Perfil epidemiológico dos usuários dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, no ano de 2005.

This study analyzes the user profile of HIV Testing and Counseling Centers in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in 2005, and factors associated with HIV infection. The methodology employed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of individuals who attended Testing and Counseling Centers. Data from 22,846 interviews were analyzed (64.7% women and 35.3% men). HIV prevalence was 2.0% in women and 5.6% in men. Statistical analysis used bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression by gender. According to the Poisson regression, factors associated with HIV+ status were age bracket, schooling, marital status, professional situation, population group, steady partner's risk status, condom use, and reason for not using condoms with steady partner; for men, the independent variables were age bracket, schooling, type of partner, population group, steady partner's risk status, condom use, and reason for not using condoms with steady partner. HIV+ patterns differed between men and women, so that customized preventive approaches are needed.

Perfil epidemiológico dos usuários dos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, no ano de 2005 / Epidemiological profile of the clientele in HIV Testing and Counseling Centers in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2005

Este estudo caracteriza o perfil dos usuários que procuraram os Centros de Testagem Anônima (CTAs) em Santa Catarina, Brasil, em 2005, e determina os fatores associados à contaminação pelo HIV. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo transversal em pessoas que freqüentaram os CTAs. Foram analisados os dados de 22.846 entrevistas realizadas no momento pré-teste, 64,7 por cento sexo feminino e 35,3 por cento masculino. A prevalência de HIV positivo encontrada nesses exames foi de 2 por cento no sexo feminino e 5,6 por cento no masculino. Utilizou-se análise bivariada e multivariada com regressão de Poisson. Os fatores de risco independentes para o contágio pelo DST/HIV no sexo feminino foram: faixa etária, estado civil, escolaridade, situação profissional, recorte populacional, risco do parceiro fixo, uso de preservativo e motivo para não usar preservativo com parceiro fixo. No sexo masculino foram: faixa etária, escolaridade, tipo de parceiro, recorte populacional, risco do parceiro, uso de preservativo e motivo para não usar preservativo com parceiro fixo. A soropositividade para homens e mulheres apresenta-se diferente, merecendo abordagens preventivas diferenciadas.

This study analyzes the user profile of HIV Testing and Counseling Centers in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in 2005, and factors associated with HIV infection. The methodology employed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of individuals who attended Testing and Counseling Centers. Data from 22,846 interviews were analyzed (64.7 percent women and 35.3 percent men). HIV prevalence was 2.0 percent in women and 5.6 percent in men. Statistical analysis used bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression by gender. According to the Poisson regression, factors associated with HIV+ status were age bracket, schooling, marital status, professional situation, population group, steady partner's risk status, condom use, and reason for not using condoms with steady partner; for men, the independent variables were age bracket, schooling, type of partner, population group, steady partner's risk status, condom use, and reason for not using condoms with steady partner. HIV+ patterns differed between men and women, so that customized preventive approaches are needed.

Assistência humanizada ao neonato prematuro e/ou de baixo peso: implantação do Método Mãe Canguru em hospital universitário / Humanized assistence to premature and/or low weigh newborn: implantation of Kangaroo-Mother Method at a universitary hospital

Relato de experiência de enfermeiros e equipe multiprofissional no processo de implantação do Método Mãe Canguru no Hospital Universitário, da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, em 2002, com os objetivos de: humanizar o cuidado ao recém-nascido prematuro e/ou de baixo peso, aprimorando o suporte familiar; promoção de maior nível de satisfação da equipe assistencial. O bebê fica em contato pele a pele com o peito da mãe, pai ou familiar significativo, com benefícios para seu peso, temperatura, afetividade, aleitamento materno, além da provável redução no tempo de internação e risco de infecção. Capacitada pelo Ministério da Saúde, uma equipe passou à implantação e multiplicação do Método; elaborado um Projeto de Extensão institucional, multiprofissional, como organizador e integrador do ensino à assistência. Dificuldades encontradas foram em relação à associação entre tecnologia, relacionamento interpessoal e entre as diversas áreas, cuidado humano e participação familiar.